Real estate valuation involves the use of different approaches and methods to estimate the value of a property. Each approach and method offers a unique perspective on the property's worth, taking into account different factors and considerations. Here's a detailed explanation of the differences between the main real estate valuation approaches and methods:

Sales/Direct Comparison Approach:

The sales comparison approach (also called the direct comparison approach, market approach or market comparison method), estimates the value of a property by comparing it to recently sold “comparable” properties (comps) that are similar in terms of location, size, condition, and amenities. Key differences in the sales comparison approach include:

•  Data Focus: This approach relies heavily on market data, including sale prices, property characteristics, and transactional information of comparable properties. It aims to analyze the actual transactions in the market to derive an estimated value for the subject property.
•  Adjustments: Adjustments are made to account for differences between the subject property and the comparable properties. These adjustments consider factors such as square footage, lot size, number of bedrooms/bathrooms, amenities, condition, and location. The adjustments reflect the variations in value attributed to these differences.
• Application: The sales comparison approach is commonly used for residential properties, especially single-family homes and condominiums. It provides a direct and intuitive way to estimate value based on recent market activity and is often the preferred approach when sufficient comparable data is available.

Income Capitalization Approach:

The income capitalization approach, also known as the income approach, is primarily used for income-generating properties, such as rental properties, commercial buildings, or investment properties. This approach determines the property's value based on its potential income stream. Key differences in the income capitalization approach include:

• Focus on Income: The income capitalization approach considers the property's income potential by analyzing rental income, lease terms, expenses, vacancy rates, and market rents. It aims to estimate the property's value by capitalizing the expected future income.
• Capitalization Rates: Capitalization rates, such as the overall capitalization rate (OCR) or the direct capitalization rate, are applied to the property's net operating income (NOI) to calculate its value. The capitalization rate represents the rate of return an investor would expect to receive based on the property's income.
• Market-Based Approach: This approach incorporates market trends, investor expectations, and prevailing market capitalization rates. It requires a thorough understanding of the local market, including rental rates, vacancy rates, and overall economic conditions.

Cost Approach:

The cost approach, also known as the summation approach, estimates the value of a property by considering the cost to reproduce or replace it, minus depreciation. Key differences in the cost approach include:

• Focus on Reproduction Cost: The cost approach evaluates the cost of reproducing or replacing the property, considering factors such as land value, construction costs, and other associated costs.
• Depreciation Consideration: Depreciation is a crucial component of the cost approach. It accounts for the loss in value due to physical deterioration, functional obsolescence, and external factors. Depreciation is estimated based on the property's age, condition, and market factors.
• Special Purpose Properties: The cost approach is commonly used for special purpose properties where income generation may not be the primary factor for value determination. Examples include public infrastructure, government buildings, or unique properties that lack comparable sales or income data.

It's important to note that these valuation approaches are not mutually exclusive, and different combinations or weighting of approaches may be utilized depending on the property type, market conditions, and the appraiser's professional judgment. The choice of approach and method depends on the availability and reliability of data, the purpose of the appraisal, and the specific characteristics of the property being valued.